During the New Kingdom period Horus was often depicted wearing a double crown and appeared with a sun and a uraeus (a stylized cobra appearing on the pharaoh’s crown).
In the earliest dynasties Horus was read as part of the name: Hor-Aha, had he ruled in a later time, would simply have been Aha. Horus names date to the Old Kingdom period and are frequently the only surviving name of early pharaohs, who adopted it upon ascending the throne and ceased using their birth names.
The Horus name represented the pharaoh’s divine relationship with the god Horus and was written in hieroglyphics in a pictograph of a palace, usually alongside the god in the form of a falcon. These gove names were the Horus name (also called the Banner name and the Ka name), the Nebty (or Two Ladies) name, the Golden Horus (or Gold) name, the praenomen, and the nomen.
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Many pharaohs we know according to different parts of their full title, which by the Middle Kingdom became the fivefold titulary, a system of increasingly formalized names arranged to describe the pharaoh’s rule. In the Intermediate Periods and the early dynasties, there are dozens of pharaohs about whom we have only fragments of names, names without further information (such as the length of their reign or when it transpired), or dubious names that do not seem to fit with the information we do have. The record of pharaohs is incomplete and often conflicting the case of Menes is only one of several in which modern Egyptologists believe a recorded name may refer to a pharaoh we know by another name, or may only be legend. No pharaonic crown has been found pharaohs apparently were not buried with it, and there may have been one crown that was passed on from one ruler to the next. It is not entirely clear who was the first pharaoh of a unified Egypt. The First Dynasty unified the two kingdoms in the 31st or 32nd century b.c.e. The pharaoh wore a double crown to symbolize his rule of both Lower Egypt (Ta-Mehu, in the north, where the Nile Delta drains into the Mediterranean) and Upper Egypt (Ta-Shemau, in the south but upstream along the Nile River).
The first time pharaoh was used to refer to the monarch himself was in reference to Akhenaten. Some Egyptians of the New Kingdom and later used the term the same way, but informally and never in official contexts. Although in ancient Egypt the term pharaoh (great house) referred to the royal palace and was used in reference to the monarch only as an instance of metonymy, modern historians follow the biblical convention of using the term for the monarch himself.
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